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-
- Mobile IP Working Group Hiromi Wada
- INTERNET DRAFT Tatsuya Ohnishi
- Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
- Brian Marsh
- Matsushita Information Technology Laboratory
- July 1993
-
-
- Packet Forwarding for Mobile Hosts
-
-
- Abstract
-
- This memo describes a new protocol for mobile internetworking:
- the Internet Packet Transmission Protocol (IPTP). IPTP
- provides packet forwarding and host location functions that
- make mobility transparent to all protocols above IP. IPTP
- specifies control messages between the networking software on
- mobile hosts and a special Packet Forwarding Service.
- Backward compatibility is provided by requiring no
- modifications to stationary hosts or internetwork routers. To
- reduce overhead, IPTP provides for lazy propagation of
- location updates. To enhance performance, routes adapt as
- mobile hosts move.
-
- Status of this memo
-
- This document describes an approach to transparent mobile
- internetworking. This RFC requests discussion and suggestions
- for improvements. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. It
- expires on January 2, 1994. Please respond with comments to the
- mobile-ip@parc.xerox.com mailing list.
-
- This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working
- documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF), its
- Areas, and its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also
- distribute working documents as Internet Drafts.
-
- Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
- months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted
- by other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use
- Internet Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than
- as a ``working draft'' or ``work in progress.''
-
- Please check the 1id-abstracts.txt listing contained in the
- internet-drafts Shadow Directories on nic.ddn.mil, nnsc.nsf.net,
- nic.nordu.net, ftp.nisc.sri.com, or munnari.oz.au to learn the
- current status of any Internet Draft.
-
-
- 1 Introduction
-
-
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- 1.1 Goals
-
- Our aim is to support a computing environment where hosts can
- communicate with each other continuously as they migrate across
- networks. We describe an IP-level solution designed to minimize the
- impact on existing protocols and applications. Our solution
- provides packet forwarding and host tracking to allow IP packets to
- find their way between mobile and non-mobile hosts.
-
- From a practical point of view, we have two goals: backward
- compatibility and performance. To provide backward compatibility
- we try to minimize the amount of software that must be modified.
- First, IPTP requires no changes to router software.
- Second, it requires no changes at all to the software of stationary
- hosts. Finally, it requires no changes to mobile hosts above the
- network layer.
-
- To enhance performance, we need to minimize the overhead added to
- each forwarded packet, and to make migration as inexpensive as
- possible. Per-packet overhead is due to encapsulation and any
- additional hops that are added to a route. Host migration, or
- handoff as other proposals refer to it, has costs associated with
- the propagation of location information. IPTP requires
- encapsulation only for packets sent to the mobile host. Packets
- from the mobile host have no additional overhead. IPTP also
- provides adaptive routing to elminate unnecessary hops between
- communicating hosts. To cut down on the overhead of migration,
- IPTP provides lazy propagation of host location information,
- reducing the number of messages sent when a host moves.
-
- 1.2 Basic Concepts
-
- IPTP assumes three active entities: Mobile Hosts (MH), Stationary
- Hosts (SH), and Packet Forwarding Servers (PFS). IPTP is the
- protocol used between these entities to implement the functions of
- MH location tracking and packet forwarding. An MH is a machine
- that can roam between networks. We assume that the kernel on this
- machine can be modified, but that protocols above IP will not be
- changed. In addition, we assume that applications will not be
- changed to account for roaming. Next, an SH is a machine that does
- not move. In the worst case we assume that no software can be
- changed. When such modifications are possible, IPTP specifies
- important performance enhancements that can be made. Finally, a PFS
- is a user-level server that runs on an SH (We assume that the
- kernel allows user-level programs to receive arbitrary packets,
- e.g., through a facility such as NIT in SunOS Release 4.0).
- It forwards packets for roaming MHs. In addition, it provides the
- primary copy of MH location information for any MHs for which it is
- the home PFS.
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- The basic idea is as follows. An MH has two addresses: a home
- address and a temporary address. The home address is a legitimate
- IP address on a subnet distinguished as the home network for the
- MH. Home addresses are statically assigned and never change.
- A temporary address is assigned as the
- MH moves between networks. Packets are sent to an MH using its
- home address. When an MH has moved away from its home network,
- IPTP uses the temporary address to forward packets to the new
- location of the MH. IPTP is designed to maintain the mappings
- between an MH's home and temporary addresses, and to forward
- packets to roaming MHs.
-
- Packets are forwarded by encapsulating them in special IPTP
- packets. IPTP provides two operational modes
- whose use depends on whether the SH can be modified or not:
- forwarding mode and autonomous mode. Forwarding mode allows an
- unmodified host to communicate with an MH. Packets sent to a
- roaming MH are transmitted via standard IP but are intercepted by a
- PFS. The PFS then encapsulates the packets and forwards them to
- the MH's current temporary address. In autonomous mode, the packet
- forwarding facility is built directly into the networking software
- of the SH. A packet sent to the MH is encapsulated in an IPTP
- packet whose destination address is the MH's temporary address.
- The PFS is removed from the transmission path except for tracking
- MHs. MH-to-MH communication works exactly the same way as
- SH-to-MH communication.
-
- We have two kind of PFSs. One is a home PFS, and the other is an
- Autonomous Supporter(AS) PFS. The home PFS is located on a home
- network of MHs. The PFS is responsible for forwarding packets
- to an MH's temporary networks and for managing location information.
- The AS are located on a new network that an MH has visited. After
- the MH again migrates to another network, the AS forwards packets
- destined for the MH to its current network.
-
-
- 1.3 Overview
-
- This document is organized as follows. In Section 2 we discuss how
- mobile hosts are addressed. In Section 3 we detail how packet
- forwarding is done, both for backward compatibility and performance.
- In Section 4 we focus on how location information is maintained. In
- Section 5 we present the details of the IPTP protocol. In Section 6
- we describe important implementation issues.
-
- 2 Addressing
-
- Each MH has two addresses: a home address and a temporary address.
-
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- The "home" address distinguishes the network from which the MH
- originates. The home address remains the same even while the MH is
- roaming. The network part of the home address is equal to the home
- network address. The notion of a home is useful because it
- provides an easily found source of reliable information about a
- roaming MH. In particular, a PFS located on an MH's home network
- is responsible for tracking its whereabouts at all times. That PFS
- is also responsible for forwarding packets sent to a roaming
- MH's home address.
-
- The temporary address reflects the current real location
- of the MH (we also refer to it as the "real address"). The network
- part of the address is equal to the network address where the MH
- currently lives. A temporary address changes every time the host
- migrates to a new network. The exact process of assigning
- temporary addresses is beyond the scope of this document.
-
- Applications address an MH using its home address, regardless of its
- location. This is true both for applications running on the MH and
- for applications on other machines that must communicate with the MH.
- To send data to an MH, a host builds an IP packet whose destination
- address is the home address of the MH. The IP packet is then
- encapsulated in an IPTP packet whose destination address is the
- current temporary address of the MH. The packet is then delivered to
- the MH using existing routing mechanisms. An MH receiving an
- encapsulated packet decapsulates it to yield the original IP packet.
-
- Because the temporary address of an MH is assigned dynamically when
- the MH visits a network, encapsulated packets might mistakenly be
- sent to a temporary address that has been reassigned to another MH.
- To filter out such packets, each encapsulated packet is tagged with
- the home address of the destination MH. Since each MH has a unique
- home address, it is possible to distinguish packets that should not
- actually be delivered. An encapsulated packet is accepted only if
- the temporary and home addresses match those of the receiving host.
-
- 3 Packet Forwarding
-
- In this section, we describe packet forwarding in detail. As
- described in Section 1.2, packet forwarding is done in one of two
- modes: forwarding mode and autonomous mode. In forwarding mode,
- the SH is unmodified and packets are forwarded by a PFS. In
- autonomous mode, packet forwarding is performed by the sending
- host. Both modes can co-exist in one environment.
-
- 3.1 Forwarding Mode
-
- In forwarding mode, packet forwarding for an MH is performed by a PFS
- on the MH's home network. In Figure 1 we consider communication
-
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- between an SH and an MH.
-
- +--------+
- | |
- +---> | PFS | ---+
- (1) SH to MH | | | |(2)Packet Forwarding
- | +--------+ | (normal packet(1) is
- | | encapsulated in it)
- +--------+ | | +--------+
- | | ---+ +---> | |
- | SH | | MH |
- | | <--------------------------- | |
- +--------+ (3) normal packet +--------+
-
- Figure 1. Forwarding Mode
-
- (1) SH to MH - An SH sends a packet to an MH specifying the MH's home
- address. The packet is routed to the MH's home network where it
- is intercepted by a PFS. Packet interception is arranged by the
- PFS either by using some sort of promiscuous mode or by arranging
- with local gateways for packets to be routed to the SH on which
- the PFS is running.
-
- (2) Packet Forwarding - The PFS encapsulates the packet sent in (1)
- into a "Packet Transmission" packet (the exact format is
- described in Section 5.2). The destination address in the IPTP
- message is the temporary address of the MH. The PFS maintains a
- mapping between the home address and the temporary address by
- the IPTP protocol. This location information management is
- described below.
-
- When the MH receives the "Packet Transmission" message, its
- IPTP layer decapsulates the IP packet it contains. From the
- perspective of applications running on the MH, the MH appears
- to still reside on its home network.
-
- (3) MH to SH - The packet decapsulated from the "Packet
- Transmission" message contains the IP address of the SH in its
- source address field. The MH sends a reply packet directly to
- the SH using standard IP. The source address used for the
- reply packet is the MH's home address. Because reply packets
- are standard IP packets, they are routed using normal IP
- routing mechanisms. We assume that the MH dynamically acquires
- such routing information through a protocol such as DHCP[2].
-
- 3.2 Autonomous Mode
-
- Autonomous mode allows an SH to transmit packets directly to an MH,
- without relaying them via a PFS. The packet routes that result can
-
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- be significantly shorter. An autonomous mode connection has two
- key requirements. First, the SH must have been modified to do its
- own packet forwarding. Second, the MH must be able to find a PFS
- on its current network to act as an AS.
- An AS acts like a home PFS in the following way:
- if an MH migrates away from that network, the AS
- will intercept packets sent to it, and forward them to the MH's new
- address.
-
- 3.2.1 SH Transmission
-
- In this mode, packet forwarding is performed directly by the
- SH, instead of by the PFS. Figure 2 illustrates this
- case. The SH maintains a mapping between the home address and the
- temporary address of the target MH. In this respect the
- functionality added to the networking software of the SH is
- similiar to that added to the PFS. The difference is
- in how location information is propagated. Location updates are
- sent by the MH to its home PFS, a PFS acting as an autonomous
- supporter and an modified SH. If an SH initiates communication with
- an MH after the MH has migrated, it receives updates lazily when it
- uses stale addresses to send packets to the MH. If not, the peer MH
- sends its current temporary address to the SH before the MH sends its
- first packet to the SH after its migration. The SH mappings can be
- viewed as a cache of the primary copy maintained by the home PFS.
- Details of location information management is described in the
- Section 4.
-
- (1) SH to MH
- (SH's normal packet
- +--------+ is encapsulated) +--------+
- | | --------------------------> | |
- | SH | | MH |
- | | <-------------------------- | |
- +--------+ (2) MH to SH +--------+
-
- Figure 2. Autonomous Mode
-
- (1) SH to MH - The SH sends a packet directly to the MH.
- Applications on the SH use the MH's home address. IPTP
- software on the SH encapsulates the packet into a "Packet
- Transmission" message and sends it to the MH using the MH's
- current temporary address. On receiving the packet, the MH's
- IPTP software decapsulates the original IP packet and passes it
- to the appropriate higher-level protocol.
-
- (2) MH to SH - The MH sends a packet directly to the SH using
- standard IP. This is the same as in the forwarding mode above.
-
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- 3.2.2 Autonomous Supporter Transmission
-
- An AS will forward packets destined for an MH that is no longer
- present on the local network. It knows the MH's temporary address
- there, because it was notified it by "Ping Autonomous Supporter"
- message when it visited the network. It will also get the MH's
- current temporary address, because it will be notified it by "MH
- Location Information" message when the MH will visit a new network.
-
- Recall that the AS is a local PFS that has agreed
- to provide support for autonomous mode communications with visiting
- MHs. When the MH migrates to a new network, it notifies the AS.
- The AS will then begin to look for packets destined for the MH's
- local IP address (the temporary one assigned when the MH first
- arrived). If the AS knows the current temporary address of the MH,
- it will forward any packets it intercepts. If it doesn't know the
- current address of the MH, the packets are sent to the home PFS,
- which should have the MH's current location. The home PFS address
- is contained in the IPTP header of the intercepted packet.
- Figure 3 illustrates this case.
-
-
- (current network) (home network)
- +====+ (3) Packet Forwarding +=====+
- | MH |<-----------------------------| home|
- +----->| |<------+ +-->| PFS |
- | +====+ |(2a) Packet | +=====+
- | | Forwarding |
- | | +----------------+
- migration | | (2b) Packet Forwarding
- | | |
- | (Ghost) | |
- | +----+ +=====+ +====+
- | | | | PFS |<-------------| SH |
- +---------| | | | (1) SH to MH | |
- +----+ +=====+ +====+
- (previous network)
-
-
- Figure 3. Forwarding mode by an autonomous supporter PFS
-
-
- (1) SH to MH - The SH in autonomous mode sends a packet directly to
- the temporary address of the MH, although the MH is not at the
- temporary address any longer.
-
- (2) Packet Forwarding by Autonomous Supporter - If the autonomous
- supporter PFS learns the current address of the MH
- through the mechanism described in Section 4,
-
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- it forwards the packet to the current temporary
- address(2a). If not, it forwards the packet to the home
- address(2b). When forwarding, the PFS does not encapsulate the
- packet because it is already encapsulated. Instead, it
- decrements the counter field in the IPTP header by 1 and if the
- value is 0, the PFS discards the packet.
-
- (3) Packet Forwarding - This takes place only when preceded by (2b).
- The home PFS forwards the packet to the current temporary address
- of the MH. Forwarding process is the same as (2) above (counter
- decrement and no encapsulation).
-
- 4 Location Information Management
-
- In this section we describe how IPTP is used to maintain location
- information. A home PFS maintains the primary copy of location
- data for its local network. When an MH migrates, it transmits its
- new configuration information to its home PFS. This data includes
- the MH's new temporary address and whether there is an Autonomous
- Supporter on the new network. The home PFS is then responsible
- for propagating the data to all concerned hosts. This data may be
- cached by MHs, SHs, and autonomous supporters (ASs). PFSs need it
- to support packets transmitted in Forwarding Mode. MHs and SHs
- need it when communicating in Autonomous Mode. Below, we describe
- how updates are first sent when an MH migrates and later propagated
- to other MHs, SHs, and ASs.
-
- 4.1 MH Migration/PFS Notification
-
- When an MH moves to a new network, it transmits new configuration
- information to its home PFS and its previous AS. Notification to
- the home PFS is for redirecting packets sent in Forwarding
- Mode. Notification to the AS is for redirecting packets sent in
- Autonomous Mode. Figure 4 describes how configuration information
- is collected and distributed.
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- (current network)
- Ping Autonomous Supporter (home network)
- +====+ (1) +=====+ +=====+
- | MH |----->| PFS | | home|
- +-->| | | | +-->| PFS |
- | +====+ +=====+ | +=====+
- | || |
- | |+------------------------------------+
- | | (2) MH Location Information
- | |
- | +-------------------------+
- | |(3) MH Location Information
- | (Ghost) v
- | +----+ +=====+
- migration | | | PFS |
- +------------------| | | (AS)|
- +----+ +=====+
- (previous network)
-
- Figure 4. Location information distribution
-
- (0) The MH is assigned a temporary address using a protocol such
- as DHCP.
-
- (1) Autonomous Supporter -- The MH tries to find a PFS which
- can support autonomous mode in the new network. The MH
- broadcasts a "Ping Autonomous Supporter" message. If
- any PFS responds, the MH will transmit packets in autonomous
- mode. When a PFS receives a "Ping Autonomous Supporter", it
- sends to the sender a reply message with an autonomous flag
- which indicates whether it supports the mode or not. A PFS
- supporting Autonomous Mode registers the MH in a list of
- visiting MHs.
-
- (2) MH Location Information - The MH sends an "MH Location
- Information" message to a PFS on its home network. This message
- carries the home and temporary addresses of the MH, an
- autonomous flag which indicates whether the MH can communicate
- in autonomous mode or not, and the address of the PFS which
- responded to the "Ping Autonomous Supporter" message.
-
- When a PFS in the home network receives an "MH Location
- Information" message, it returns an acknowledgement to the MH,
- and updates its mapping for the home address of the MH.
-
- (3) MH Location Information to a Previous PFS - The MH also sends an
- "MH Location Information" message to an AS (if any) on its
- previous network. If the MH has not just migrated from its home
- network and if it was operating in autonomous mode on the
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- previous remote network, there must have been an Autonomous
- Supporter on that network. Hence, the MH sends it an "MH
- Location Information". When the AS receives the "MH Location
- Information" message, it acknowledges the message and flags its
- mapping (if any) for the MH. The flag indicates that the MH has
- migrated, and means that the AS may delete the MH's entry if
- necessary. After that, the AS starts looking for packets
- destined for the MH's obsolete temporary address.
-
-
- 4.2 Autonomous Sender Notification
-
- Notifying the home PFS only takes care of packets sent in forwarding
- mode. If a host can use autonomous mode to communicate with an MH
- which is migrating from its home network to another network,
- and if an AS in the new network works for the MH, then the host
- should change to autonomous mode. This notification is described in
- Section 4.2.1.
-
- If a host is using autonomous mode to communicate with the MH,
- there are two possibilities for how to distribute the MH's
- current temporary address to the host.
- In one case, the host has sent a "Packet Transmission" message
- to the network previously occupied by the MH.
- An AS in that network works on behalf of the MH.
- If the AS knows the MH's current temporary
- address, it will inform the host of it.
- This case is described in Section 4.2.2.
- In the other case, the MH has sent a
- "MH Location Information" message to the host prior
- to re-starting communication after migration.
- This case is described in Section 4.2.3.
- In both
- cases, IPTP provides lazy notification by waiting until a message is
- sent to the host.
-
- 4.2.1 Packets to the Home Address
-
- A host that communicates with an MH that has migrated may address
- its packet to the home address of the MH. If the sending host
- supports autonomous mode, then its location tables must be updated
- to reflect the new location of the MH. Figure 5 depicts how this
- update procedure takes place.
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- +====+
- +-----| SH |-----+
- | | |<--+ |
- (4)| +====+ | |(1) Normal
- Packet| MH(3) | | Packet
- Transmission| Location| | Transmission
- | Information| |
- | | | +=====+
- +====+ | | +---->| home|
- | MH |<---+ +-------| PFS |
- | |<------------------------- +=====+
- +====+ (2)Packet Forwarding
-
- (current network) (home network)
-
-
- Figure 5. Packets to the Home Address
-
-
- (1) Normal Packet Transmission - The SH sends a normal IP packet to
- the MH's home address.
-
- (2) Packet Forwarding - The home PFS picks up the packet,
- encapsulates it within an IPTP "Packet Transmission" message,
- and sends it to the MH's current temporary address.
-
- (3) MH Location Information - If the MH has moved to a network that
- supports autonomous mode then the home PFS attempts to notify
- the SH that autonomous mode communication is possible. If the
- SH is capable of autonomous mode communication, when it receives
- the "MH Location Information" message, it caches the MH's new
- temporary address, and enters autonomous mode for all packets
- destined for the MH.
-
- (4) The SH can now send packets to the MH without an intervening hop
- through the PFS.
-
- 4.2.2 Packets from an AS
-
- If an SH using autonomous mode is communicating with an MH which
- is not located in its home network, an AS must be in the network
- where the MH exists. If the MH has migraterd to a new network and
- if another AS exists there, the SH can continue to communicate
- with the MH using autonomous mode. The AS in the previous network
- forwards "Packet Transmission" messages destined for the MH to its
- current temporary address and informs the SH of the address.
- Figure 6 illustrates this case.
-
-
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- (current network) (home network)
- +====+ +=====+ +=====+
- | MH | | PFS | | home|
- | |<-+ | (AS)| | PFS |
- +====+ | +=====+ +=====+
- ^ ^ |
- | | +----------------------------+
- | | |
- | +--------+(2) Packet |(4) Packet
- migration | Transmission | Transmission
- | | |
- | | |
- (Ghost) | (3) Location |
- +----+ +=====+ Information +====+
- | | | PFS |----------------->| SH |
- | | | (AS)|<-----------------| |
- +----+ +=====+ (1) Packet +====+
- (previous network) Transmission
-
-
- Figure 6. Packets from an AS
-
-
- (1) Packet Transmission - The SH using autonomous mode sends "Packet
- Transmission" message to the previous temporary address of the
- MH.
-
- (2) Packet Transmission - The AS in the previous network forwards it
- to the current temporary address of the MH.
-
- (3) Location Information - The AS in the previous network informs
- the SH of the current temporary address of the MH.
-
- (4) Packet Transmission - The SH sends subsequent packets to the
- MH's current temporary address.
-
-
- 4.2.3 Packets from a Migrated MH
-
- Before a migrated MH initiates communication with an SH, the MH
- sends an "MH Location Information" message to the SH. If the SH
- supports autonomous mode, it extracts the MH's current temporary
- address. Therefore, when the SH responds a packet sent by the MH,
- it can send the packet directly to the MH via normal IP routing
- instead of through a PFS. Figure 7 illustrates this case.
-
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- (1) MH Location Information
- +-------------------------------------+
- | |
- v |
- +-------+ (2) Normal IP Packet +-------+
- | | <--------------------------- | |
- | SH | | MH |
- | | ---------------------------> | |
- +-------+ (3) Packet Transmission +-------+
-
-
- Figure 7. Packets from a Migrated MH
-
-
- (1) MH Location Information - The MH informs the SH of its own
- current temporary address, before it starts communicating with
- the SH.
-
- (2) Normal IP Packet - The MH sends a normal IP packet to the SH.
-
- (3) Packet Transmission - The SH can encapsulate packets to the MH
- into the "Packet Transmission" messages.
-
-
- 4.3 Packets to an Obsolete Temporary Address
-
- Figure 8 illustrates what happens if a PFS acting as an autonomous
- supporter (AS) receives a packet destined for an MH that has
- already left its network. The AS must encapsulate and forward the
- packet. More importantly, however, it must notify the sending host
- of the MH's new address.
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- (current network) (home network)
- +====+ +=====+
- +->| MH |<---------+(4b) | home|
- | | |<--+ |Subsequest | PFS |---+(5)
- | +====+ | |Packet +=====+ |MH
- | | |Transmission ^ |Location
- migration |(2) +---------+ | |Information
- | |Packet | | |
- | |Forwarding | |(4a) |
- | | | |Subsequest
- | | | |Packet
- (Ghost) | (3)MH Location | |Transmission
- +----+ +=====+ Information +---+====+ |
- | | | PFS |----------------->| SH |<-+
- | | | (AS)|<-----------------| |
- +----+ +=====+ (1)Packet +====+
- (previous network) Transmission
-
-
- Figure 8. Packets to an Obsolete Temporary Address
-
- (1) Packet Transmission - The SH sends a "Packet Transmission"
- message to the MH's old temporary address. The autonomous
- supporter for the MH's old temporary address will intercept the
- packet. It knows that the MH is gone because it received a "MH
- Location Information" message as described in Section 4.1,
- paragraph 3.
-
- (2) Packet Forwarding - The AS may attempt to forward the packet to
- the MH if the MH's new temporary address is still in its cache.
- However, the AS is not required to maintain the new address
- of the MH. If it is not in the cache, the AS knows only that
- it has gone. If so, the packet is instead forwarded to the
- home PFS for correct rerouting.
-
- (3) MH Location Information - The AS must now notify the SH that
- it has an out of date address for the MH. It therefore sends
- to the SH an "MH Location Information" message. The AS
- includes the MH's new address if possible, allowing subsequent
- packets to be routed directly to the MH without going through
- the home PFS. If the AS does not know the MH's new address
- then the address field is set to NULL, indicating that the SH
- should route packets to the MH's home network where they are
- picked up by the home PFS.
-
- (4) Subsequent Packet Transmission(SH to MH) - The SH knows that its
- mapping for the MH is stale. If no new address for the MH was
- received in (3), then it will transmit subsequent packets to
- the MH's home network for processing by the home PFS (4a).
-
-
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- Otherwise, it will transmit subsequent packets to the new
- temporary address of the MH (4b).
-
- (5) MH Location Information - When the home PFS receives the next
- packet destined for the home address of the MH, if the MH is
- available for autonomous mode communication, the home PFS sends
- an "MH Location Information" message to the sender. At the same
- time, it forwards the packet to the current temporary address of
- the MH. When the sender receives the "MH Location Information"
- message, it updates the cache entry of the MH's location and
- enters autonomous mode. This step takes place only if preceded
- by step(4b).
-
-
- 5 Internet Packet Transmission Protocol(IPTP)
-
- In this Section we describe the Internet Packet Transmission
- Protocol(IPTP). IPTP consists of four packet types that fit within
- one packet format. The packet types provide packet forwarding, new
- address notification, pinging for an autonomous supporter, and an
- IPTP echo check.
-
- 5.1 Message Type
-
- In this subsection, we describe the different IPTP message types.
- The parameter types are defined in detail in Section 5.2.
-
- (1) Packet Transmission
-
- This message is used to forward packets from a PFS to an MH and
- to send packets from an SH to an MH. It does not require a
- response.
-
- The following parameters should be set:
- - Type
- - Aim
- - Counter
- - Home address of MH
- - Temporary address of MH
- - Encapsulated packet
-
- (2) MH Location Information
-
- This message is used to notify a PFS or an SH of an MH's new
- address. It requires a response.
-
- The following parameters should be set:
- - Type
- - Aim
-
-
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- - Sequence
- - Autonomous
- - Home address of MH
- - Temporary address of MH
- - Address of PFS: See Section 5.2.
- - Authentication information
-
- The following parameters should be set in a response:
- - Type
- - Aim
- - Sequence
- - Status
-
- (3) Ping Autonomous Supporter message
-
- This message is used for an MH to find a PFS which supports the
- autonomous mode in a new temporary network. This message
- requires a response.
-
- The following parameters should be set in a request message:
- - Type
- - Aim
- - Sequence
- - Home address of MH
- - Temporary address of MH
- - Authentication information
-
- The following parameters should be set in a response message:
- - Type
- - Aim
- - Sequence
- - Autonomous
- - Status
-
- (4) Echo message
-
- This message is used to examine whether a host employs IPTP or
- not. It requires a response.
-
- The Following parameters should be set in both a request and a
- response:
- - Type
- - Aim
- - Sequence
-
- 5.2 Parameters
-
- Type:
- This field indicates a message type of an IPTP packet.
-
-
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- Value : Meaning
- --------------------------------------------
- 0 : Packet Transmission message
- 1 : MH Location Information message
- 2 : Ping Autonomous Supporter message
- 3 : Echo message
-
- Aim:
- This field indicates whether the packet contains either a
- request or a response. Each message except "Packet
- Transmission" message requires a response.
-
- Value : Meaning
- ----------------------------------------------------
- 0 : neither request nor response
- (That is "Packet Transmission" message.)
- 1 : request
- 2 : response
-
- Sequence number:
- The sequence number of the packet between a requester and a
- responder. It is used to indicate the relationship between a
- request and a response packet.
-
- Autonomous:
- Used only on "MH Location Information" messages from an MH to
- the home PFS. It indicates whether the home PFS should
- notify SHs of the MH's temporary address or not.
-
- Value : Meaning
- -------------------------------------------------------
- 0 : The home PFS must not notify SHs of the MH's
- temporary address,
- 1 : The home PFS may notify SHs of the MH's
- temporary address.
-
- Counter:
- The counter is used to detect forwarding loops. It is set to
- an implementation-specific number whenever a "Packet
- Transmission" message originates. When a PFS receives the
- "Packet Transmission" message, the PFS decrements the counter
- by 1. If the counter is equal to 0, the PFS discards the
- packet instead of forwarding it.
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- Status:
- The status of the packet.
- Value : Meaning
- --------------------------------------------
- 0 : No problem
- 1 : Authentication error
- 2 : Specified MH's address is unknown
-
- Home address of MH:
- The address of an MH on its home network.
-
- Temporary address of MH:
- The address of an MH on a temporary network. Assigned using
- some dynamic configuration protocol such as DHCP.
-
- Address of PFS:
- The IP address of a PFS. Possible values are:
-
- Situation : Meaning
- --------------------------------------------------
- 1. MH migrates to new : Address of PFS which
- network is an autonomous supporter
- 2. PFS notifies Auto. : Address of home PFS
- mode supporter
-
- Authentication information:
- A password or token that PFSs use to decide whether an MH has
- sufficient credentials to be given service. The exact nature
- of this is beyond the current scope of this document. To
- allow for multiple types of authentication information, the
- following format should be obeyed. Multiple authentication
- fields may be present to accommodate a variety of
- authentication mechanisms.
-
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Auth Type | Version | Length |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Authentication Data ...
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...
-
- The Authentication Type field describes which authentication
- mechanism is being used, with the Version field detailing
- which version of that mechanism. The Length field indicates
- the length of the authentication data in octets.
-
- Authentication Type 0 is just padding, and as such, only the
- type field is used (i.e., it is just a 0-filled octet).
-
-
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-
- Authentication Type 1 indicates that the authentication data
- are just a plaintext password; Version is 0; the Length field
- indicates the length of the password, and the authentication
- data is a cleartext password.
- This type of authentication should only be used
- when the physical medium can be trusted.
-
- Authentication Types 2-127 are reserved for future standard
- definitions.
-
- Authentication Types 128-255 are reserved for future
- definition by vendors and/or implementors.
-
- Encapsulated packet:
- This is an original IP packet destined for MH. This field is
- only included in "Packet Transmission" messages.
-
- Optional data:
- This is a field for optional data.
-
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | length | optional data
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...
-
-
- 5.3 Packet Format
-
- (1) Packet Transmission message
-
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | type | aim | (not used) |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | (not used) | counter | (not used) | (not used) |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | home address of MH |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | temporary address of MH |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | (not used) |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | encapsulated packet
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...
-
- (2) MH Location Information message
-
-
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-
-
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | type | aim | sequence |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | autonomous | (not used) | status | (not used) |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | home address of MH |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | temporary address of MH |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | address of PFS |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | authentication information
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...
-
- (3) Ping Autonomous Supporter message
-
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | type | aim | sequence |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | autonomous | (not used) | status | (not used) |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | home address of MH |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | temporary address of MH |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | (not used) |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | authentication information
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...
-
- (4) Echo message
-
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | type | aim | sequence |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | autonomous | counter | status | (not used) |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | optional data
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...
-
-
-
-
-
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- 5.4 State Diagrams
-
- +------------+
- | non-mobile |
- +------------------>| mode |
- | migrate to +------------+
- | home network | migrate to another network
- | ------------- | -------------------------------
- | v send a request to get a tmp adr
- | +-------------+
- +------------------>| waiting for |
- | migrate to | tmp adr |
- | another +-------------+
- | network | get a tmp adr
- | -------------- | -------------
- | send a request v send MHLI
- | to get a tmp +-------------+
- | adr | waiting for |
- | | MHLI ack |
- | +-------------+
- | | receive MHLI ack
- | PT | ----------------
- | -- | send PAS
- | +-----+ | +-------+
- | v | v v | PT
- | +------------+ | +-------------+ | --
- | | forwarding |--+ | waiting for |----+
- +--| mode |<----| PAS ack |
- ^ +------------+ +-------------+
- | timeout | receive PAS ack
- | ------- | ---------------
- | |
- | | +-------+
- | v v | PT
- | +-------------+ | -- PT : Packet Transmission
- +-------------------| autonomous |----+ MHLI : MH Location Info.
- migrate | mode | PAS : Ping Auto. Supporter
- ------- +-------------+
-
- Figure 9. State Diagram of an MH
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
- +------------+
- | forwarding |
- | mode |
- +------------+
- receive MHLI ^ | receive MHLI
- without MH's address | | ------------
- ---------------------- | |
- | v
- +-------------+
- | autonomous |
- | mode |<-+ send a packet to MH
- +-------------+ | -------------------
- | | send PT
- +----+
-
- Figure 10. State Diagram of an SH
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
- +------------+
- | waiting for|<------------------------------+
- | MHLI ack | |
- +------------+ |
- | ^ receive MHLI |
- receive MHLI ack | | without Autonomous |
- ---------------- | | -------------------- |
- | | update address table |
- | | |
- receive MHLI | | +-----+ receive a normal packet |
- with Autonomous v | v | for the home MH |
- -------------------- +------------+ | ------------------------ |
- update address table | forwarding |---+ send PT |
- +----------------------| mode | |
- | +------------+ |
- | migrate to home network | ^ receive MHLI |
- | (receive MHLI) | | without Autonomous |
- | ----------------------- | | --------------------------------- |
- | replace ARP entry for | | update address table |
- | the home MH | | replace ARP entry for the home MH |
- | send MHLI ack v | send MHLI ack |
- | +------------+ |
- | | initial | |
- | | state | |
- | +------------+ |
- | migrate to home network ^ | receive MHLI |
- | (receive MHLI) | | with Autonomous |
- | ----------------------- | | --------------------------------- |
- | replace ARP entry for | | update address table |
- | the home MH | | replace ARP entry for the home MH |
- | send MHLI ack | v send MHLI ack |
- | +-------------+ |
- | | autonomous |------------------------------+
- | +--------------------| mode | receive MHLI without Autonomous
- | | +-------------+ -------------------------------
- | | receive MHLI ack ^ | update address table
- | | ---------------- | | send MHLI to previous PFS
- | | | |
- | |receive MHLI | | receive a normal packet
- | | without Autonomous | | for the home MH
- | |-------------------- | | -----------------------
- | |update address table | | send PT
- | |send MHLI to | v send MHLI to sender
- | | previous PFS +------------+
- | +------------------->| waiting for|
- +--------------------->| MHLI ack |
- +------------+
-
- Figure 11. State Diagram of a home PFS
-
-
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-
- +---------------+
- | waiting for |
- | MHLI ack |
- +---------------+
- | ^
- | | receive PT
- receive MHLI ack | | --------------------------------
- ---------------- | | forward it to home adr (send PT)
- | | send MHLI without MH's address
- v |
- +---------------+
- | forwarding to |
- | home adr mode |----------+
- |(initial state)| |
- +---------------+ |
- ^ | |
- receive MHLI | | receive PAS | receive MHLI
- without MH's adr | | ------------ | -------------
- ------------------ | | send PAS ack | send MHLI ack
- send MHLI ack | | |
- | v |
- +-------------+ |
- | forwarding |<-----------+
- | mode |<------+ receive MHLI
- +-------------+ | -------------
- ^ | | | send MHLI ack
- | | +---------+
- | |
- receive MHLI ack | | receive PT
- ---------------- | | ------------------------------------
- | | forward it to new location (send PT)
- | | send MHLI
- | v
- +---------------+
- | waiting for |
- | MHLI ack |
- +---------------+
-
- Figure 12. State Diagram of an Autonomous Supporter
- (a PFS for visitor MHs)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- 5.5 Packet Transmission Parameters
-
- Two important transmission parameters for IPTP are the timeout
- interval and the retransmission count. The timeout interval is the
- length of time IPTP will wait before retransmitting a packet. The
- retransmission count is the number of times a packet will be resent.
- IPTP defines these parameters for all messages except "Packet
- Transmission" messages. IPTP "Packet Transmission" messages can be
- lost without a loss of correctness because IP makes no guarantee
- about reliable packet delivery. Reliable delivery is left to higher
- level protocols in the transport and network layers. For the other
- message types, we assume that the timeout interval will be tuned to
- specific implementations. The remaining issue, therefore, is the
- number of retransmissions.
-
- The "MH Location Information" message should be retransmitted an
- infinite number of times. If for any reason, such as a network
- failure, an MH cannot notify its home PFS of its new address the MH
- will become temporarily lost. Continuous retransmission guarantees
- that the time of the network partition will never exceed the
- transmission of the last "MH Location Information" message. If
- communication between the MH and PFS is ever possible again, then a
- packet will eventually get through, allowing hosts communicating
- with the MH to reestablish contact through the home PFS.
-
- The other packet types, "Ping Autonomous Supporter",
- and "Echo", should be retransmitted only a finite number of times.
- Loss of these packets may result in a less efficient routing, but
- will not be fatal. For instance, a host capable of autonomous mode
- communication may mistakenly use forwarding mode if a "Ping"
- message is lost.
-
- 6 Implementation Notes
-
- 6.1 Translation Tables
-
- Address Translation tables are maintained by PFSs, and by SHs and MHs
- using autonomous mode. All table entries contain the home address
- and the current temporary address of a MH. In addition, table
- entries in a home PFS will contain the address of the PFS in the MH's
- current temporary network. Table entries in SHs and MHs will contain
- the address of the MH's home PFS.
-
- PFSs are responsible for providing non-volatile storage for
- translation information. SH and MH tables are only caches for data
- managed by PFSs. An SH or an MH can easily refresh its tables by
- interacting with the appropriate PFS. Of course, a disasterous
- failure might cause a PFS to lose its translation information. If
- this occurs, the information must be recovered by inducing MHs to
-
-
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- resend "MH Location Information" messages.
-
- 6.2 Avoiding Redundant "MH Location Information" Messages
-
- In an environment where both forwarding mode and autonomous mode are
- utilized, a PFS might send unnecessary "MH Location Information"
- messages to SHs using forwarding mode. Because they are using
- forwarding mode, these SHs will ignore the "MH Location Information"
- messages. Packets from the SH to the MH will continue to be sent to
- the PFS, resulting in the generation of ineffective and unnecessary
- "MH Location Information" messages.
-
- To avoid this, a PFS should keep a list of hosts it serves that are
- using forwarding mode. The PFS can then refrain from sending "MH
- Location Information" messages to any host on this list. Hosts can
- be added to this list when the first "MH Location Information"
- message cannot be delivered to the SH. The failure can be detected
- either by an ICMP message that indicating that the destination port
- is unreachable or when the SH fails to acknowledge the "MH Location
- Information" message.
-
- 6.3 PFS Packet Interception
-
- In order to correctly forward packets for mobile hosts, a PFS must be
- able to intercept packets addressed to hosts that have migrated away
- from the local network. One possible implementation is to use
- promiscuous mode, if the the underlying interface supports it. Such
- a solution, however, may impose a substantial load as the PFS is
- forced to inspect every packet.
-
- A more attractive alternative is to use a proxy ARP. When a PFS
- receives a "MH Location Information" message from an MH, it
- broadcasts an ARP reply packet for the MH's home address. The reply
- packet specifies that the MH's IP address now resolves to the address
- of the PFS's physical interface. Subsequent packets addressed to the
- MH's home address will be received by the PFS.
-
- If a PFS is already forwarding packets for an MH, it responds as a
- proxy to any ARP requests for the MH's address. The ARP reply
- message indicates that packets destined for the home (IP) address
- of the MH should be physically (i.e. at the hardware address level)
- addressed to the PFS.
-
- Unfortunately, because of the need to reuse temporary IP addresses,
- this technique cannot be applied to a PFS acting as an autonomous
- supporter for a visiting MH. A visiting MH will use a temporary
- address. This address will eventually be reused when the visiting
- MH migrates to a new network. If the PFS issues a Proxy ARP for
- this address, packets intended for the new user of the address
-
-
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- might be lost. Temporary addresses must be reusable because of the
- limited number of address bits available. The consequence is that
- a PFS may only act as an autonomous supporter if it has a
- promiscuous interface on a broadcast medium that allows it to see
- all network traffic.
-
- 6.4 Adaptive Mode Selection
-
- An MH that transmits a "Ping Autonomous Supporter" message may have
- to wait some time for a local PFS to reply. This delay is passed to
- applications as additional latency introduced by MH migration. To
- avoid this problem, the MH may send the "MH Location Information" to
- the home PFS without the Autonomous flag set. After the MH finds a
- PFS which supports autonomous mode, it may resend "MH Location
- Information" message, this time with the Autonomous flag set.
-
- 6.5 Detection of Forwarding Loops
-
- If an MH is roaming among temporary networks where PFSs support
- autonomous mode, it is possible that forwarding relays will occur.
- To prevent a forwarding loop, the "Packet Forwarding" message
- contains a special counter.
- When a PFS forwards a packet for the first time,
- it sets the counter to an upper bound defined by the system. Before
- another PFS forwards the packet, it decrements the counter by 1 and
- it checks to see if the the value is zero. If the PFS finds the
- counter equal to zero, the packet is discarded. Otherwise the packet
- is forwarded normally.
-
- 6.6 Gateway Packet Filters
-
- For security reasons, some gateways filter packets based on port
- numbers. Because an original packet is encapsulated in an IPTP
- packet in our approach, the gateways will check the IPTP port number.
- Such gateways will fail to filter out packets that might otherwise be
- objectionable because the packet filters do not see within the IPTP
- packet. Similarly, a filter applied to IPTP will remove all
- encapsulated packets, regardless of how the local system
- administrator feels about them.
-
- If the gateway host filters packets of specified port numbers and
- IPTP port number itself is not included in the port number list for
- filtering, the IPTP packet will pass through, even if the original
- packet in the IPTP packet should be filtered. On the other hand, if
- the gateway host makes packets of specified port numbers pass through
- and IPTP port number is not included in the list for passing, the
- IPTP packet will be filtered.
-
- One way to solve this problem is to redesign the IPTP packet format.
-
-
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- "Packet Transmission" messages could reflect the packet type in a
- newly defined IP option field rather than be indicated in the port
- number field.
-
- 6.7 Handling IP options
-
- When a PFS encapsulates a packet, it should copy IP options of the
- packet to the encapsulated packet. When an MH decapsulates the
- packet, it should restore IP options of the packet to the original
- packet.
-
- 7 Acknowledgement
-
- The description of authentication is almost fully derived from
- Columbia University's draft "Protocols for Supporting Mobile IP
- Hosts"[3] and IBM's draft "Support for Mobility with Connectionless
- Network Layer Protocols(Transport Layer Transparency)"[4].
-
- 8 Authors' Addresses
-
- Hiromi Wada
- Information Systems Research Laboratory
- Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
- 1006 Kadoma, Kadoma-shi, Osaka, 571 JAPAN
- Internet : hwada@isl.mei.co.jp
- Phone : +81-6-906-2431
- Fax : +81-6-906-5547
-
- Tatsuya Ohnishi
- Information Systems Research Laboratory
- Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
- 1006 Kadoma, Kadoma-shi, Osaka, 571 JAPAN
- Internet : ohnishi@isl.mei.co.jp
- Phone : +81-6-906-2431
- Fax : +81-6-906-5547
-
- Brian Marsh
- Matsushita Information Technology Laboratory
- 182 Nassau St, 3rd floor
- Princeton, NJ 08542
- Internet : marsh@mitl.com
-
-
-
-
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- References
-
- 1. H.Wada, T.Yozawa, T.Ohnishi, and Y.Tanaka, "Mobile Computing
- Environment Based on Internet Packet Forwarding", 1993 Winter USENIX
-
- 2. R.Droms, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", Internet Engineering
- Task Force, INTERNET-DRAFT, November 1992
-
- 3. J.Ioannidis, D.Duchamp, G.Q.Maguire Jr, and S.Deering, "Protocols for
- Supporting Mobile IP Hosts", Internet Engineering Task Force,
- INTERNET-DRAFT, June 1992
-
- 4. C.Perkins and Y.Rekhter, "Support for Mobility with Connectionless
- Network Layer Protocols(Transport Layer Transparency)", Internet
- Engineering Task Force, INTERNET-DRAFT, January 1993
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- 5. F.Teraoka, "VIP:IP Extentions for Host Migration Transparency",
- Internet Engineering Task Force, INTERNET-DRAFT, Novenber 1992
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- Expires 2 January 1994 [Page 29]
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- Internet-Draft Packet Forwarding July 1993
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- TABLE OF CONTENTS
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- 1 Introduction 1
- 1.1 Goals 2
- 1.2 Basic Concept 2
- 1.3 Overview 3
- 2 Addressing 3
- 3 Packet Forwarding 4
- 3.1 Forwarding Mode 4
- 3.2 Autonomous Mode 5
- 3.2.1 SH Transmission 6
- 3.2.2 Autonomous Supporter Transmission 7
- 4 Location Information Management 8
- 4.1 MH Migration/PFS Notification 8
- 4.2 Autonomous Sender Notification 10
- 4.2.1 Packets to the Home Address 10
- 4.2.2 Packets from an AS 11
- 4.2.3 Packets from a Migrated MH 12
- 4.3 Packets to an Obsolete Temporary Address 13
- 5 Internet Packet Transmission Protocol(IPTP) 15
- 5.1 Message Type 15
- 5.2 Parameters 16
- 5.3 Packet Format 19
- 5.4 State Diagrams 21
- 5.5 Packet Transmission Parameters 25
- 6 Implementation Notes 25
- 6.1 Translation Tables 25
- 6.2 Avoiding Redundant "MH Location Information" Messages 26
- 6.3 PFS Packet Interception 26
- 6.4 Adaptive Mode Selection 27
- 6.5 Detection of Forwarding Loops 27
- 6.6 Gateway Packet Filters 27
- 6.7 Handling IP options 28
- 7 Acknowledgement 28
- 8 Authors' Addresses 28
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- Expires 2 January 1994 [Page i]
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- Internet-Draft Packet Forwarding July 1993
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- FIGURES
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- Figure 1. Forwarding Mode 5
- Figure 2. Autonomous Mode 6
- Figure 3. Forwarding mode by an autonomous supporter PFS 7
- Figure 4. Location information distribution 9
- Figure 5. Packets to the Home Address 11
- Figure 6. Packets from an AS 12
- Figure 7. Packets from a Migrated MH 13
- Figure 8. Packets to an Obsolete Temporary Address 14
- Figure 9. State diagram of an MH 21
- Figure 10. State diagram of an SH 23
- Figure 11. State diagram of a home PFS 23
- Figure 12. State diagram of an Autonomous Supporter 24
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- Expires 2 January 1994 [Page ii]
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